PEAK 2024 organized by the Midwest Poultry Federation is now well established in the Minneapolis Convention Center that provides more exhibition space, meeting rooms and hotel accommodation that the previous St. Paul location.  The trade exhibition consistently attracts more egg-related allied suppliers compared to the IPPE. The concurrent industry association meetings and educational programs are focused on egg production given the concentration of farming operations in six Midwest states.  Although space limits the display of large displays including 700-case per hour graders and a range of aviary equipment, technical personnel are available on booths to discuss operational parameters supplemented by videos, models, components and short cross-sections of installations.

Educational programs presented included the North Central Avian Disease Conference, the Organic Egg Farmers of America Symposium, the Devenish Nutrition Symposium, and a number of informal gatherings taking advantage of attendance at the event.

The Midwest Poultry Federation arranged a series of educational presentations for pullet and egg management, feed technology and business leadership.  During the trade exhibition, poultry TED Talks were presented detailing innovations in products and management for the benefit of attendees. Entertainment included PEAK Unhatched, an Exhibition-floor Happy Hour and Hospitality Night.

Despite the prevailing favorable margins in egg production, there were a number of overhangs that detracted from optimism: 

• The resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza with three complexes affected since the beginning of April requiring depopulation of close to six million hens in two states was the major issue of concern.  It is evident that HPAI is no longer limited to seasonal epornitics but has expanded beyond the migration of waterfowl in spring and fall months.  This is in all probability due to transfer of the H5N1 virus to non-migratory species of free-living birds.  This is evidenced by dead grackles and pigeons yielding H5N1 virus in the vicinity of the index dairy farm in Texas that was affected with Bovine Influenza-H5N1.  Outbreaks of HPAI have been regularly diagnosed on a weekly basis in backyard flocks in diverse states outside the migratory seasons.  These small flocks serve as sentinels for the presence of avian influenza virus and many cases are not diagnosed. Sometime in 2024 the USDA-APHIS will have to accept regional vaccination for turkeys and egg-production flocks. It must be obvious by now that it is futile to attempt to eradicate an endemic infection spread by the aerosol route in addition to fomites.

• The impasse in Congress is impeding passage of legislation necessary to maintain agricultural production.  The Farm Bill is mired in dissent in both the Senate and House Agricultural Committees with polarization separating left and right-leaning members.  Ultimately there will have to be compromise on the two issues of contention represented by allocations for SNAP and WIC favored by the left and diversion of funds from climate change programs to commodity price support on the right.  The 118^th Congress has barely passed fifty bills as opposed to an anticipated 400 in a normal two-year period. Appropriations bills were delayed by months by resorting to stop-gap continuing resolutions. Both parties are to blame for their lack of commitment to the national interest caused by grandstanding and intra-party conflict.

• There was considerable talk in the hallways at PEAK of consolidation in the retail food sector.  The proposed merger between the Kroger Company and Albertsons Corporation is a concerning issue since this would create more buying power for the chains that are readily able to adjust orders to influence the industry benchmark price discovery system to the disadvantage of producers.

• There are concerns over the economy.  The Federal Reserve has obviously reduced inflation from 8.9 to 3.5 percent but is experiencing difficulty in reducing levels to the target of 2.0 percent.  International conflict and the price of energy are adding to the burden of inflation that is reducing consumer spending despite the last hurrah of extravagance during the first quarter of 2024.

• As in all planting seasons, there is concern over the anticipated crop.  With the projected cyclic transition from a La Nina to an El Nino event, weather patterns during the 2024 growing season will influence yields.  Lower feed prices have contributed to positive margins over the past twelve months but an unfortunate combination of higher input costs with production exceeding demand may impact profitability in the late third and early fourth quarters.

It is hoped that the contributions derived from PEAK 2024 in the form of technical and trade information will be transferred from the event to all U.S. production units and companies with evident improvements in productivity and profitability.

Status of the 2024 Corn and Soybean Crops

The USDA Crop Progress Report released on April 15^th documented planting for the 2024 soybean and corn season. Farmers are in fields with relatively dry conditions in half of the eight major states producing corn and soybeans allowing rapid seeding of prepared acreage. The     “big-eight” (IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN and OH) collectively averaged 3.5 days suitable for field work this past week ranging from 0.7 days (OH) to 6.3 days (KS)

Based on the sum of the “adequate” and “surplus” categories, surface and subsoil moisture levels were equivalent to the corresponding week in 2023. For the past week surface and subsoil moisture values were 70 and 66 percent respectively for the two highest categories. These levels were similar to the previous year with values of 66 percent and 66 percent respectively for the two highest categories, demonstrating an acceptable pre-planting situation. It is to early in the expected transition to an El Nino event to predict any impact on crop condition in coming weeks. If dry and warm weather in corn and soy areas occurs yield may be depressed depending on timing and severity.

Reference is made to the April 11^th WASDE Report #647 under the STATISTICS TAB and the weekly Commodity, Economy and Energy Report in this edition, documenting acreage to be harvested, yields, weekly prices and ending stocks.

WEEK ENDING   Crop March 31st  2024        April 7th  2024 5-Year Average Corn planted (18 states) (%) 3 6 5 Soybean planted (18 states) (%) 0 3 1
Crop Condition  (pending USDA reports) V. Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Corn  2024 (%) Corn  2023 (%)           Soybeans  2024 (%) Soybeans  2023 (%)
Parameter  48 States V. Short Short Adequate Surplus Topsoil Moisture:         Past Week Past Year   8 11 22 18 56 59 14 12 Subsoil Moisture:         Past Week Past Year   10 13 24 21 55 57 11 9

EGG-NEWS will report on the progress of the two major crops as monitored by the USDA through to the end of the 2024 harvest in November.

USDA Weekly Egg Price and Inventory Report, April 17^th 2024.

Market Overview

• The average wholesale unit revenue values for Midwest Extra-large, Large and Medium sizes were unchanged this past week. Wholesale prices for Midwest in cartons were approximately 50 cents per dozen above the 3-year average of $2.00 per dozen and up $0.25 from the corresponding week in 2023 at $2.25 per dozen. This past week shell egg inventory was down by 1.4 percent percent, following a noteworthy rise of 10.3 percent the previous week.
• Although there has been a weekly increase in pullet flocks transferred to laying houses, hen numbers are constrained by the loss of close to 13 million hens due to HPAI on twelve complexes holding from 250,000 to 2.6 million hens during the 4^th Quarter of 2023. Pullets are in short supply with losses of 2.5 million growing birds, mainly in California. Since the beginning of April close to 8.4 million hens collectively have been depopulated in one complex in Texas and three related complexes in Michigan.
• This past week chains apparently narrowed the spread between delivered cost and shelf price. This could result in a continued reduction in generic stock with a proportional rise in demand but only with constant re-ordering to fill the pipeline into May. Discounters are holding prices on generics influencing mainstream retail stores. Eggs are still highly competitive in price against the comparable costs for other protein foods.
• Total industry inventory was down by 0.8 percent overall this past week to 1.62 million cases with a concurrent 1.9 percent increase in breaking stock, following a 0.8 percent fall during the preceding processing week. Demand for egg products continues after the Easter weekend with more home baking and entertaining. Egg products are required for the food service and manufacturing sectors and exports increased in February.
• It is now apparent that the inventory held by chains and other significant distributors may be more important over the short term in establishing wholesale price compared to the USDA regional inventory figures. Changes in stock held by DCs and in the pipeline as determined by weekly orders are probably responsible for small cyclic fluctuation in weekly industry stock, especially into and after a holiday weekend.
• Cases of HPAI in the commercial poultry industry and backyard (non-commercial WOAH) flocks tapered during the first quarter of 2024, coincident with the end of the Fall migration of waterfowl that was extended in late 2023 by mild weather. The emergence of the infection in a large complex holding 1.8 million hens and 340,000 pullets in western Texas suggests a reoccurrence as northward spring migration commences. The third and fourth related cases in Michigan involving three complexes with a total of 6.4 million hens may have started as an indirect extension from an infected dairy herd although an epidemiologic evaluation in progress will be required to confirm the source and route of dissemination. The number and extent of future possible outbreaks during the spring and fall months of 2024 cannot be projected but sporadic cases in backyard poultry and 27 dairy herds in eight widely diverse states is a cause for concern. More surveillance information should be released by USDA-APHIS as it becomes available concerning the prevalence rate of carriers among resident domestic free-living birds and a review of molecular and field epidemiology for the 2022 spring and fall waves of HPAI. The USDA has yet to identify specific modes of transmission for the 2022-2023 epornitic including likely airborne spread from wild birds and their excreta over short distances.
• The current relationship between producers and chain buyers based on a single commercial price discovery system constitutes an impediment to a free market. The benchmark price appears to amplify both downward and upward swings as evidenced over the past two years. A CME quotation based on Midwest Large, reflecting demand relative to supply would be more equitable. If feed cost is determined by CME ingredient prices then generic shell eggs should be subject to a Midwest Large quotation.
• According to the USDA the U.S. flock in production was apparently down by 0.2 million hens (<0.1 percent) to a new level of 306.1 million for the week ending April 17^th The stated total flock of 311.7 million included about one million molted hens that will resume lay during coming weeks plus 4.5 million pullets scheduled to attain production. Given the latest figures it is estimated that the producing flock is at least 17 to 20 million hens lower than before the onset of HPAI in 2022. In January 2024 the USDA adjusted figures to account for depopulation of 13 million hens spread over the last quarter of 2023. There were evident discrepancies between published figures and the theoretical number of hens taking into account known losses and predetermined pullet replacements. The April loss of 8.4 million hens is not reflected in data released over the past three weeks. It is hoped that the USDA Agency responsible for publication of flock size will get their act together and coordinate with APHIS to record the number of depleted flocks and promptly provide accurate data.
• The ex-farm price for breaking stock (rounded to one cent) was unchanged at $1.58 per dozen.Checks delivered to Midwest plants were unchanged at $1.42 per dozen this past week. Prices for breaking stock should follow the wholesale price for shell eggs usually with a lag of about one to two weeks.

The Week in Review

Prices

According to the USDA Egg Market News Reports released on April 15^th 2024, the Midwest wholesale price (rounded to one cent) for Extra-large was unchanged from last week at $2.43 per dozen. Large was unchanged at $2.41 cents per dozen. Mediums were unchanged at $2.30 per dozen delivered to DCs. Prices should be compared to the USDA benchmark average 4-Region blended nest-run cost of 75.3 cents per dozen as determined by the Egg Industry Center based on USDA data for March 2024. This value excludes provisions for packing, packaging materials and transport, amounting to 57 cents per dozen as determined in mid-2023 from an EIC survey (with low response) and now realistically 60 cents per dozen.

Currently producers of generic shell eggs should be operating with positive margins irrespective of region and customer-supply agreements. The progression of prices during 2023 and 2024 to date is depicted in the USDA chart reflecting three years of data, updated weekly.

The April 15^th edition of the USDA Egg Market News Report confirmed that the USDA Combined Region value (rounded to the nearest cent), was unchanged at $2.50 per dozen delivered to warehouses for the week ending April 9^th 2024. This average price lags current benchmark Midwest weekly values by one week. The USDA Combined range for Large in the Midwest was $2.41 per dozen. At the high end of the range, the price in the South Central region attained $2.57 per dozen. The USDA Combined Price last week was approximately 50 cents per dozen above the 3-year average of $2.00 per dozen. This past week Midwest Large was approximately $0.25 per dozen above the corresponding week in 2023 that was falling from a peak price to $2.25 per dozen as production recovered from HPAI depletion but with declining market demand.

Flock Size 

Previously the loss of approximately 13 million hens due to HPAI during the fourth quarter was not reflected in weekly USDA figures until the beginning of February. The loss of 3.5 million hens in April to date is NOT reflected in current data. Increases in flock size during late February and early March amounted to fractions of a percent. The USDA belatedly published data to reflect previous losses due to HPAI depopulation and molted flocks reentering production during the post-Easter period but has yet to update figures for depletion in April.

Given the importance of weekly flock numbers to pricing, accurate values for producing and total flock are required by producers.

USDA Weekly Egg Price and Inventory Report, April 10^th 2024.

Market Overview

• The average wholesale unit revenue values for Midwest Extra-large, Large and Medium sizes were unchanged this past week. Wholesale prices for Midwest in cartons were approximately 20 cents per dozen above the 3-year average of $2.40 per dozen for the corresponding week in 2023. This past week shell egg inventory was up by a noteworthy 10.3 percent, following a fall of 0.1 percent the previous week. Although there has been a weekly increase in pullet flocks transferred to laying houses, hen numbers are constrained by the loss of close to 13 million hens due to HPAI on twelve complexes holding from 250,000 to 2.6 million hens during the 4^th Quarter of 2023. Pullets are in short supply with losses of 2.5 million growing birds mainly in California.
• This past week chains apparently narrowed the spread between delivered cost and shelf price. This could result in a potential reduction in generic stock with a proportional rise in demand but only with constant re-ordering to fill the pipeline through April. Discounters are holding prices on generics influencing mainstream retail stores. Eggs are still highly competitive in price against the comparable costs for other protein foods.
• Total industry inventory was up by 8.1 percent overall this past week to 1.63 million cases with a concurrent 0.8 percent decrease in breaking stock, following a 3.7 percent fall during the preceding processing week. Demand for egg products resume after the Easter weekend with more home baking and entertaining. Egg products are required for the food service and manufacturing sectors and exports increased in February. USDA Benchmark wholesale price for eggs in cartons was approximately $0.70 per dozen lower than the corresponding week in 2023.
• It is now apparent that the inventory held by chains and other significant distributors may be more important over the short term in establishing wholesale price compared to the USDA regional inventory figures. Changes in stock held by DCs and in the pipeline as determined by weekly orders are probably responsible for small cyclic fluctuation in weekly industry stock, especially into and after a holiday weekend.
• Cases of HPAI in the commercial poultry industry and backyard (non-commercial WOAH) flocks tapered during the first quarter of 2024, coincident with the end of the Fall migration of waterfowl that was extended in late 2023 by mild weather. The emergence of the infection in a large complex holding 1.6 million hens and 340,000 pullets in western Texas suggests a reoccurrence as northward spring migration commences. The second case in Michigan involving a 2-million hen complex may have been an indirect extension from an infected dairy herd although an epidemiologic evaluation is in progress. The number and extent of future possible outbreaks during the spring and fall months of 2024 cannot be projected but sporadic cases in backyard poultry and dairy herds in six widely diverse states is a cause for concern. More surveillance information should be released by USDA-APHIS as it becomes available concerning the prevalence rate of carriers among resident domestic free-living birds and a review of molecular and field epidemiology for the 2022 spring and fall waves of HPAI. The USDA has yet to identify specific modes of transmission for the 2022-2023 epornitic including likely airborne spread from wild birds and their excreta over short distances.
• The current relationship between producers and chain buyers based on a single commercial price discovery system constitutes an impediment to a free market. The benchmark price appears to amplify both downward and upward swings as evidenced over the past two years. A CME quotation based on Midwest Large, reflecting demand relative to supply would be more equitable. If feed cost is determined by CME ingredient prices then generic shell eggs should be subject to a Midwest Large quotation.
• According to the USDA the U.S. flock in production was apparently down by 0.1 million hens (<0.1 percent) to a new level of 306.3 million for the week ending April 10^th The stated total flock of 311.9 million included about one million molted hens that will resume lay during coming weeks plus 4.5 million pullets scheduled to attain production. Given the latest figures it is estimated that the producing flock is at least 17 to 19 million hens lower than before the onset of HPAI in 2022. In January 2024 the USDA adjusted figures to account for depopulation of 13 million hens spread over the last quarter of 2023. There were evident discrepancies between published figures and the theoretical number of hens taking into account known losses and predetermined pullet replacements. The early April loss of 3.5 million hens is not reflected in data released over the past two weeks. It is hoped that the USDA Agency responsible for publication of flock size will coordinate with APHIS to record the number of depleted flocks and promptly provide accurate data.
• The ex-farm price for breaking stock (rounded to one cent) was down 1.6 percent to $1.58 per dozen.Checks delivered to Midwest plants were unchanged at $1.42 per dozen this past week. Prices for breaking stock should follow the wholesale price for shell eggs usually with a lag of about one to two weeks.

The Week in Review

Prices

According to the USDA Egg Market News Reports released on April 8^th 2024, the Midwest wholesale price (rounded to one cent) for Extra-large was unchanged from last week to $2.43 per dozen. Large was unchanged at $2.41 cents per dozen. Mediums were unchanged at $2.30 per dozen delivered to DCs. Prices should be compared to the USDA benchmark average 4-Region blended nest-run cost of 75.3 cents per dozen as determined by the Egg Industry Center based on USDA data for March 2024. This value excludes provisions for packing, packaging materials and transport, amounting to 57 cents per dozen as determined in mid-2023 from an EIC survey (with low response) and now realistically 60 cents per dozen.

Currently producers of generic shell eggs should be operating with positive margins irrespective of region and customer-supply agreements. The progression of prices during 2023 and 2024 to date is depicted in the USDA chart reflecting three years of data, updated weekly.

The April 8^th edition of the USDA Egg Market News Report confirmed that the USDA Combined Region value (rounded to the nearest cent), was up 2 cents per dozen to $2.50 per dozen delivered to warehouses for the week ending April 2^nd 2024. This average price lags current benchmark Midwest weekly values by one week. The USDA Combined range for Large in the Midwest was $2.41 per dozen. At the high end of the range, the price in the South Central region attained $2.57 per dozen. The USDA Combined Price last week was approximately 20 cents per dozen above the 3-year average of $2.20 per dozen. This past week Midwest Large was approximately $0.70 per dozen below the corresponding week in 2023 that was falling from a peak price to $3.10 per dozen as production recovered from HPAI depletion and to declining market demand.

Flock Size 

Previously the loss of approximately 13 million hens due to HPAI during the fourth quarter was not reflected in weekly USDA figures until the beginning of February. The loss of 3.5 million hens in early April is not reflected in current data. Increases in flock size during late February and early March amounted to fractions of a percent. The USDA has now published data to reflect previous losses due to HPAI depopulation and molted flocks reentering production during the post-Easter period but has yet to update figures for depletion in April.

Given the importance of weekly flock numbers to pricing, accurate values for producing and total flock are required by producers.

According to the USDA the number of producing hens reflecting April 3^rd 2024 (rounded to 0.1 million) was apparently down 0.2 million to 306.4 million. The total U.S. flock includes about one million molted hens due to return to production Approximately 5.0 million pullets on average reach maturity each week, based on USDA monthly chick-hatch data for 20-weeks previously. The increase is offset by routine flock depletion and an additional loss of approximately 13 million hens during the last quarter of 2023. To date some flocks have been replaced but 3.5 million hens were depleted since the beginning of April. Based on inventory level and prices, the population of hens producing table eggs and breaking stock should now be producing at or below post-Easter demand by consumers. Industrial and food service off-take is increasing, approaching pre-COVID levels. Prices will continue to fluctuate but have shown atypical seasonal stability instead of a decline.

REVIEW OF MARCH 2024 EGG PRODUCTION COSTS AND STATISTICS.

Commencing in 2024 the EIC justifiably separated the production costs and unit revenue values for eggs derived from caged and cage-free flocks. Accordingly, EGG-NEWS will continue to summarize data but will consolidate production and export statistics for the U.S. egg industry as a total and compare financial data for the two shell-egg categories.

FEBRUARY HIGHLIGHTS

• March 2024 USDA ex-farm blended USDA nest-run, benchmark price for conventional eggs from caged hens was 187 cents per dozen, down 64 cents per dozen or 25.5 percent from the February 2024 value of 251 cents per dozen. For comparison, average monthly USDA benchmark price over 2023 was 146.0 cents per dozen with a range of 323 cents per dozen in January down to a low of 57 cents in May. Stock levels and prices prior to the onset of flock depletions due to HPAI indicated a relative seasonal balance between supply and demand. Future nest-run and wholesale prices will be largely dependent on consumer demand for shell eggs and products and the rate of replacement of pullets and hens depleted due to HPAI. Other considerations include diversion to shell sales from the egg-breaking sector in an interconnected industry.
• Fluctuation in wholesale price is attributed in part to the amplification of upward and downward swings associated with the commercial benchmark price discovery system in use. Restoration of seasonal prices commenced midway through the fourth quarter of 2023 with a plateau after Christmas followed by a seasonal decline through January 2024. A substantial rise in price occurred during February but with a sharp decline thereafter to mid-March. An unknown factor in future pricing will be the incidence rate and severity of highly pathogenic avian influenza in spring months with northward migration of waterfowl. Close to 13 million hens and 2.5 million pullets were depopulated during the fourth quarter of 2023 among five states with heavy losses in California. Approximately 3.5 million hens were depleted in two outbreaks (TX and MI) during early April.
• March 2024 USDA average nest-run production cost for generic eggs from caged flocks over four regions (excluding SW and West), applying updated inputs was down 0.7 cents per dozen to 75.3 cents per dozen compared to the February 2024 value of 76.0 cents per dozen, mainly attributable to a 1.7 percent lower average feed cost per dozen. Approximately 60 cents per dozen should be added to the USDA benchmark nest-run cost to cover processing, packing material and transport to establish a realistic price as delivered to warehouses.
• March 2024 USDA benchmark nest-run margin attained a positive value of 155.1 cents per dozen for generic eggs from caged flocks compared to a positive margin of 170.1 cents per dozen for January 2024. Average nest-run monthly margin over 2023 was 64.2 cents per dozen compared to 155 cents per dozen in 2022. This differential was mainly due to higher prices following HPAI-depletion of flocks. It is emphasized that the U.S. benchmark price reflects nest-run conventional eggs.
• The March 2024 national flock in production (over 30,000 hens per farm) was stated by the USDA to be down 0.1 million hens (rounded) to 294.6 compared to the revised February 2024 value of 294.7 million. This figure apparently takes into account depletion of 4.2million hens during December 2023 that were not recorded in the month. Approximately 3.0 million hens returned to production from molt in March together with projected maturation of 23.1 million pullets, with this number offset by depletion of spent flocks. During the fourth quarter of 2023 approximately 13 million hens and 2.5 million pullets were depopulated due to HPAI in five states.
• February 2024 pullet chick hatch of 27.9 million was up 6.9 percent or 1.8 million chicks from January 2024.
• February 2024 exports of shell eggs and products combined was up 62.5 percent from January 2024 to 641,300 case equivalents representing the theoretical production of 8.5 million hens. The increase was attributed to greater demand for shell eggs by Canada and egg products by Japan and the E.U. among other importing countries.

TABLES SHOWING KEY PARAMETERS FOR MARCH 2024.

Summary tables for the latest USDA March 2024 flock statistics, costs and unit prices made available by the EIC on April 8^th 2024 are arranged, summarized, tabulated and compared with values from the previous March 13^th 2024 posting reflecting February 2024 costs and production data as applicable. Monthly comparisons of production data and costs are based on revised USDA values.

VOLUMES OF PRODUCTION REFLECTING THE ENTIRE INDUSTRY

 * Revised USDA/EIC

Notes 1. Texas excluded to maintain confidentiality

 WEEKLY ECONOMY, ENERGY AND COMMODITY REPORT: April 11^th 2024.

OVERVIEW

Prices for corn, soybeans and soybean meal were approximately one percent lower compared to last week. Prices were influenced by technical selling arising from geopolitical concerns and revised projections for crop sizes in Brazil and Argentine. Secondary factors included disruption in shipping in the Red Sea and Panama Canal, carryover from the 2023 U.S. crop, export orders and predicted ending stocks of corn and soybeans for the 2024 crop. There was no apparent response to release of the April WASDE that retained projections for production and ending stocks from the March report although prior to release of planting intentions.

At 12H00 on April 11^th the CME price for corn was down 0.7 percent compared to the previous week to 431 cents per bushel for May delivery. Corn price was influenced by higher ethanol demand and the proportionally high ending stock of corn from the 2023 crop. Export orders for the current market year have increased in response to lower prices. Volumes and prices are indirectly influenced by higher wheat prices, events in the Black and Red Seas. Orders by China resumed at the end of the 2022-2023 market-year and have extended through March despite a slightly higher Dollar Index offset by a low FOB prices although with increased ocean freight. Total exports for the current market year are 34.2 percent higher than for the corresponding week during the 2022-2023 year.

Soybeans traded at 1,162 cents per bushel for May 2024 delivery down 1.0 percent over the week. Lower prices were attributed to short covering, farm selling and availability from the 2024 Brazil and Argentine harvests. Total exports for the current market year are 18.3 percent lower than for the corresponding week in the 2022-2023 year.

Soybean meal traded at $334 per ton for May delivery, down 0.6 percent compared to $332 per ton for last week. Price was influenced by demand coupled with high crush volumes for consecutive months from December 2023 onwards but with lower volume in January due to the impact of cold weather. Price will fluctuate to reflect the CME price for soybeans and the demand for biodiesel despite the adverse financial situation in this sector. The market previously responded to the increased 2023 crop and higher stocks together with projections for 2024 unchanged from March in the April WASDE Report.

WTI was 0.5 percent higher from last week to $85.92 at 13H00 GMT on April 10^th with moderate world demand in relation to supply. Price is higher partly due to disruption in shipping in the Red Sea, and turbulence in the Middle East but is countered by U.S. production attaining 13.3 million barrels per day in March with ample reserves. An upward trajectory in price may occur if production cuts by OPEC amounting to 2 million barrels per day and extended through June actually materialize. There was stability in price during the week ($85.15 to $86.43 range). Crude oil inventory in the U.S., other than the Strategic Reserve, was down 0.5 percent to 33.0 million barrels last week. High U.S. production is constraining domestic and international prices but the rise in energy cost during past weeks is reflected in ‘sticky’ inflation restraining the FOMC from lowering the benchmark interest rate.

Factors influencing commodity prices in either direction over the past four weeks included:-

• Weather conditions in areas of the World growing corn and oilseeds especially in Brazil and also Argentine with favorable rain recently under the influence of a strong La Nina The 2023 U.S. harvest was completed ahead of the corresponding weeks in 2022 with higher carryover (Downward pressure on prices). Planting has commenced for the “new” crop of 2024.

• Geopolitical considerations continue to move markets, especially in the Mideast. Ongoing attacks on Ukraine port facilities have impacted prices of wheat, corn, oilseeds and vegetable oils. Loaded bulk vessels are sailing from Black Sea and Danube River ports using the ‘Humanitarian Corridor” to various destinations. This route is operational despite threats by the Russian Federation to mine the entrance to ports and deployment of airborne missiles. Exports from Ukraine are approaching 1.5 million metric tons per week with a total of 26 million metric tons market year through February, down 11 percent from the equivalent period for 2022-2023 year. Grain production in Ukraine during the current year will be lower than 2022/2023 (Downward pressure on corn and wheat and an indirect effect on soybeans)

• Macroeconomic U.S. factors:-
• Most economists in academia and the private sector are confident of a “soft landing” for the economy following the release of revised Q4 2023 GDP and recent releases of economic parameters including the CPI and anticipated PPI and a decline in bond rates. Annual inflation as measured by CPI declined from 8.9 percent in June 2022 to 3.5 percent in March 2024. This is in part a response to a series of 11 FOMC rate raises that curbed inflation and cooled the labor market but without precipitating unemployment. There is evident stability in the bank sectors in both the U.S. and Europe. Large U.S. banks passed stringent mid-year “stress tests”. There is now concern over regional banks with exposure to commercial real estate. A rise in energy prices is contributing to persistence of inflation.
• The Federal Reserve held the benchmark interest rate steady at the monthly FOMC meeting on March 20^th 2024, the fifth sequential pause. The Federal Reserve commentary indicated that the rate would be held at 5.25 percent until a pivot with possibly less than two reductions of 25 basis points each in 2024, after the September meeting at the earliest. Chairman Powell in Congressional testimony and documented in FOMC minutes has indicated that decisions would be based on data and demonstrable progress in reducing inflation towards an annual 2.0 percent target by mid-2025. Market optimism with projections of five reductions during 2024 was evidently premature.
• The March 28^th Bureau of Economic Affairs announcement of the advanced estimate of Q4 GDP confirmed a value of 3.4 percent, slightly above the previous estimate of 3.2 percent. The rise was attributed to increased consumer and government sector spending and investment in inventory. Growth in GDP attained 2.5 percent in 2023 up from 1.9 percent in 2022.
• On March 29^th the Bureau of Economic Analysis released the February Personal Consumption and Expenditure Price Index (excluding food and energy) that was up 0.3 percent from the previous month to 2.8 percent year-over-year. This was in line with estimates. Food prices increased 0.1 percent but energy was up 2.3 percent in March. The Headline PCE Index was up 2.5 percent year-over-year also corresponding to estimates. The price of goods increased 0.1 percent from February and was higher than services at 0.3 percent. Consumer spending was up 0.8 percent, above estimates and compared with 0.2 percent in January, impacted by weather. The headline PCE is closely followed by the Federal Reserve and confirms declining inflation.
• The April 10^th Bureau of Labor Statistics release of the March 2024 CPI confirmed a 0.4 percent increase from February, and 0.1 percent above forecast. The annual increase of 3.5 percent was up from 3.2 percent in February and higher than the anticipated value. The increase in the core value (excluding food and energy) was 0.4 percent from February and 3.8 percent for the 12-month period, and estimates. Food at home was unchanged from the previous month. The category of meat, fish and poultry was up collectively by 0.9 percent with eggs up 4.6 percent from the previous month. Food away from home was up 0.3 percent from February. On an annual basis all food was up 2.2 percent with food at home up 1.2 percent and food away from home up 4.2 percent. Energy was up 1.1 percent together with natural gas (-3.2 percent) in March. The shelter category was up 0.4 percent for the month and 5.7 percent over the past year. The macro trend is inclining towards reduced inflation due to a fall in energy prices but this category has recently moved up, detracting from deflation. The CPI heavily influences FOMC rate decisions.
• The March Producer Price Index for Final Demand (PPI) released on April 11^th was up by 0.2 percent from February compared to an expectation of 0.3 percent. The PPI was up 2.1 percent over the past 12-months. This is compared to a 6.4 percent increase in 2022. The core PPI value excluding volatile fuel and food, was up 0.2 percent for March and up 2.8 percent for the 12-month period. Food was up 0.8 percent compared to a 1.1 percent increase in February.
• A Federal Reserve release on March 15^th confirmed that industrial production rose 0.1 percent in February. Production was adversely affected by inclement weather during January with plant closures. Capacity utilization was unchanged at 78.3 percent, 1.3 percent below the 1972-2020 average.
• The March 26^th report on Durable Goods Ordered during February 2024 was higher by 1.4 percent to $278 Billion after two months of declines. Transportation and specifically aircraft orders were up 3.3 percent. Excluding the Transportation component, new orders increased by 0.5 percent in February compared to January impacted by inclement weather. Shipments of durable goods increased 1.2 percent following a fall of 0.8 percent in January 2024.
• The March14^th release of retail sales data showed a monthly rise of 0.6 percent in February. This value is compared to the revised 0.4 percent rise in December 2023. Retail sales in January were affected by harsh winter storms and a change in the basis of calculation. The Federal Reserve FOMC closely monitors this index as a measure of the trend in inflation.
• The April 1^st release by the Institute for Supply Management (ISM®) documented the Manufacturing Index for March at 50.3 up from 47.8 in February and above the consensus of 48.4. New orders increased to 51.6 (49.2, February) and Production attained 54.6 (48.4, February).
• The April 1^st release of the S&P Global U.S. Manufacturing PMI fell to 51.9 in March from a revised 52.2 in February but above the March 2023 value of 46.3.
• The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index released on March 26^th for February/March, rose to 104.7 points. This reading was almost unchanged from a revised 104.8 for the preceding four-week period. The Present Situation Index was up to 157.0 in March from 147.6 in February. The Expectations Index fell to 73.8 in March from 76.3 in February with values below 80.0 suggesting a future recession
• The March 15^th University of Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment fell to 75.5 for March down from a revised 76.5 in February. The Index was up from 63.5 percent in April 2023. Both the Current Economic Index (79.4unchanged from February) and the Index of Consumer Expectations (74.6 down from 75.2 in February) denote a cautious increase in consumer sentiment influenced by lower interest rates and moderating inflation despite geopolitical concerns.
• Non-farm payrolls added 303,000 for March, as documented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on April 5^th. This was more than the anticipated 214,000, and compares to the revised February value of 270,000. The increase is attributed to workers in the health care and government sectors. The unemployment rate fell to 3.8 percent with 15 million unemployed. Real average weekly earnings for March showed a 0.3 percent increase over February. Average hours worked rose 0.1 percent to 34.4 per week in March. Labor participation increased fractionally from 62.5 percent in February to 62.7 percent in March. Wage rates increased 4.1 percent over 12-months, the lowest gain since June 2021. Wage rates are closely followed by the Federal Reserve FOMC.
• The Bureau of Labor Statistics Job Openings and Labor Survey report released on April 2^nd estimated 8.8 million job openings at the end of February, down 100,000 (-0.1 percent) from January 2024 and consistent with estimates. The February job openings number was the lowest value in 34 months and compares with the March 2022 value of 12.2 million during COVID.
• The seasonally adjusted initial jobless claims figure of 211,000 released on April 11^th was down from the revised seasonally adjusted 211,000 for the week ending April 6^th but lower than the Reuter’s estimate of 215,000. The four-week moving average increased by 250 to 215,000 The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated 1.82 million continuing claims for the week ending March 30^th up 28,000 from the previous week. There is evidence from data over the past three months that the labor market is cooling despite sporadic weekly fluctuation in new claims.
• The April 5^th Bureau of Labor Statistics report recorded a 0.7 percent increase in non-Farm Productivity for 2023. Output increased by 2.6 percent with a 1.9 percent increase in inputs of labor and capital. Hours Worked was up by 1.3 percent in 2023
• The ADP® reported on April 3^rd that private payrolls increased by 184,000 in March, up 29,000 from the revised 155,000 in January and compared to the Bloomberg estimate of 150,000 jobs. The increase in employment was mostly in the construction, financial services and manufacturing sectors. Annual pay was up 5.1 percent year-over-year unchanged from February. The increase will not directly influence the probability of short-term future changes in interest rate since the ADP® is regarded by the FOMC as an unreliable statistic

FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMODITY PRICES

• The 2023 harvests of corn and soybeans were completed by late November 2023. The April 11^th WASDE provided a projection for acreage to be planted, yields, crop size and ending stocks for the 2024 crop.
• It is evident that both polarization in the closely divided chambers of Congress and intra-party conflict between and among both sides of the aisle in the House delayed adoption of appropriations bills. Passage of the 2023 Farm Bill will be contentious and is subject to a 12-month extension as a stop-gap measure. Progress on the 2023 Farm Bill has been impeded by contention over SNAP eligibility and other entitlements that collectively represent 75 percent of total expenditure. The August 2^nd downgrade of U.S. debt from AAA to AA+ by Fitch Ratings recognizes Congressional dysfunction. On November 10^th 2023 Moody’s downgraded U.S. credibility from ‘stable’ to ‘negative’ based on an inability to pass required fiscal legislation. After four Continuing Resolutions the House and Senate passed six appropriations bills including the FDA and USDA, avoiding a March 8^th partial shutdown of the Federal Government. Agreement was concluded on the remaining appropriations bills on March 23^rd maintaining Federal funding through October 2024. Currently the Speaker of the House is experiencing difficulty in arranging for passage of legislation.
• The delayed 2023 Farm Bill is mired in conflict in both the House and Senate. There is no consensus on major issues comprising the magnitude of SNAP payments and eligibility and requested price supports for crops. The Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) is standing firm on maintaining both SNAP-WIC benefits and climate remediation funding even if the Farm Bill is delayed through to the 119^th Congress
• The April 11^th WASDE #647 Projected both corn and soybean production parameters with a potential record corn harvest for the 2024 crop. There will be ample world availability of ingredients although inequitable distribution will result in shortages in some nations. Soybean exports will comprise 38.2 percent of the 2024 U.S. crop with a 7.7 percent increase in ending stock to 340 million bushels as compared to the March WASDE Report.
• Rabobank projected the soybean crop in Brazil at 153 million metric tons on April 4^th. This value is higher than the projection by CONAB (the Soy production association in Brazil) at the midpoint of the soybean harvest, of 147 million metric tons (5,401 million bushels) down from a previous estimate of 155 million metric tons (5,695 million bushels). Exports of 100 million metric tons (3,674 million bushels). It is anticipated that Brazil will crush 56 million metric tons (2,057 million bushels). If CONAB is correct the harvest will be 7 million metric tons (269 million bushels) lower than the 2023 record crop. Brazil exported 7.0 million metric tons (257 million bushels) of soybeans to China over the first two months of 2024, double the quantity shipped to this nation over the corresponding two months in 2023.
• Corn production in Brazil for the 2023-2024 market year will attain 124 million metric tons (4,801 million bushels) from all three sequential harvests. But down seven percent from the previous year. Brazil is projected to export of 54 million metric tons (2,125 million bushels). Argentine will produce 50 million metric tons of corn (1,968 million bushels), double compared to the previous year impacted by drought. (Lower prices in the future subject to favorable reports on crop progress and actual harvests)

• The Dollar Index (DXY) was 105.2 at noon on April 10^th, up 1.0 point from last week responding to CPI data suggesting retention of current benchmark interest rates for a prolonged period. The DXY has ranged from 99.0 to 107.0 over the past 52 weeks. The dollar index influences timing and volume of export orders and indirectly the price of WTI crude.

EXPORTS

The FAS Export Report for corn, released on April 11^th for the week ending April 4^th confirmed that outstanding export orders for corn amounted to 15.60 million metric tons (614.02 million bushels). Net orders for the past week for the 2023-2024 market year amounted to 0.33 million metric tons (12.79 million bushels). Shipments recorded during the past working week amounted to 1.55 million metric tons (61.28 million bushels). For the current market year to date cumulative export of 28.88 million metric tons (1,125 million bushels) is 34.2 percent higher compared to the equivalent week of the previous market year. For market year 2024-2025 outstanding orders attained 1.76 million metric tons (69.55 million bushels) with 9,300 metric tons (373,920 bushels) ordered this past week

(Conversion 39.36 bushels per metric ton. Quantities in metric tons rounded to 0.1 million)

The FAS Export Report for soybeans covering the week ending April 4^th reflecting market year 2023-2024, recorded outstanding export orders amounting to 3.59 million metric tons (11.22 million bushels). Net orders this past week attained 0.19 million metric tons (7.12 million bushels). Shipments for the past working week attained 0.50 million metric tons (18.48 million bushels). For the current market year to date cumulative exports of 37.26 million metric tons (1,369 million bushels) are 18.3 percent lower compared to the equivalent week of the previous market year. Outstanding orders for the 2024-2025 market year amount to 0.47 million metric tons metric tons (17.27 million bushels) with no orders tons this past week.

 (Conversion 36.74 bushels per metric ton)

For the week ending April 4^th 2023 outstanding orders for soybean meal and cake attained 3.07 million metric tons. Net orders this week for soybean meal and cake amounted to 187,900 metric tons. During the past week 280,500 metric tons of meal and cake combined was shipped. The quantity exported to date is 15.2 percent higher than the volume for the corresponding weeks of the previous market year. For the next market year outstanding sales have attained 308,100 metric tons with 53,400 tons ordered this past week.

OVERVIEW

The USDA provided pre-planting values for the production of corn and soybeans in the April 11^th World Agriculture Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) #647, reflecting the anticipated 2024 crop. Most values were understandably unchanged from the March edition given the month and are based on projections of acreage, yield, carry-forward levels from 2023, and with realistic assumptions of domestic use and exports giving rise to ending stocks.

The April 11^th WASDE report predicted that corn would be harvested from 86.5 million acres, unchanged since February. The soybean crop will be harvested from 82.4 million acres also unchanged.

The most recent report retained the yield value for the 2024 corn crop at 177.3 bushels per acre. By comparison yield was 174.9 bushels per acre in 2023. The soybean yield was held at 50.6 bushels per acre compared to 49.9 bushels per acre in 2023.

The April 2024 USDA projection for the ending stocks of corn was 2,152 million bushels, down 2.3 percent from 2,172 million bushels in the March WASDE. The April 2024 USDA projection for the ending stock of soybeans was 340 million bushels, up 7.9 percent from 315 million bushels in March.

The April 2024 WASDE lowered the ex-farm price of corn by 5 cents to 470 cents per bushel. The projected average season price for soybeans was reduced 10 cents per bushel from the March WASDE of 1,255 cents per bushel. Soybean Meal was unchanged at $380 per ton.

Projections for world production included in the March 2024 WASDE report reflect the most recent estimates for commodities in the Southern Hemisphere with an emphasis on Argentine and Brazil. Economists also evaluated the likely impacts from hostilities in Ukraine with occupation of ten percent of the Nation’s land area by the Russian Federation and following extensive destruction of agricultural infrastructure. It is evident that production and hence exports of wheat, corn and sunflower from Ukraine will be reduced compared to pre-war averages. Exports from Ukraine have been restored following the collapse of the Black Sea Grain Initiative and destruction of Black Sea and Danube Delta port installations. These adversities have been partly overcome by aggressive naval action allowing the “Humanitarian Corridor” that traverses the national waters of friendly countries along the western Black Sea coast.

It is accepted that USDA projections for export are also based on the perceived intentions and needs of China. This Nation has sharply curtailed purchases of commodities and especially U.S. soybeans during the current market year despite drought and taking into effect relaxation of COVID restrictions on consumers with higher demand.

Reports on volumes of commodities exported are included in weekly editions of EGG-NEWS, derived from published USDA-FAS sales data.

In an April 4^th 2024 release, Conagra Brands (CAG) posted financial results for the third quarter of Fiscal 2024 ending February 23^rd 2024. The Company can be regarded as representative of the manufacturing and packaged food sector with competitors including Post Holdings, Campbell Soup Company and Kraft-Heinz, all currently under pressure to reduce prices to the major food service providers and supermarket chains. In an inflationary environment consumers are turning to less expensive private brands although the trend to eat-at-home may benefit Conagra Brands and competitors.

For the third quarter of FY 2024, net income was $308.6 million on net revenue of $3,033 million with a diluted EPS of $0.64.  Comparable figures for the third quarter of FY 2023 ending February 26^th 2023 were net income of $342.2 million on net revenue of $3,087 million with a diluted EPS of $0.72

The release included results for the four operating segments:-

• Foodservice: Operating profit of $35 million down 48.7 percent from Q3 2023, on revenue of $273 million
• Refrigerated and Frozen: Operating profit of $202 million, down 24 percent, on revenue of $1,200 million
• International: Operating profit of $42 million, up 14 percent on revenue of $272 million
• Groceries and Snacks: Operating profit of $299 million, up 16 percent on revenue of $1,300 million

For the third quarter of FY 2024 (with the values for the corresponding quarter of FY 2023 in parentheses) Conagra achieved a gross margin of 28.3 percent (27.2) and an operating margin of 15.6 percent (15.9). Revenue was down 1.8 percent.

Guidance for FY 2024 included a net sales decline of 1 to 2 percent; an adjusted increase in operating margin of 15.8 percent and an EPS of between $2.60 and $2.65. Capital expenditure was projected at $425 million.

Conagra Brands listed assets of $21,919 million, including a disproportionate  $14,261 million as goodwill and intangibles, against long-term debt and other obligations of $9,221 million. The Company had an intraday market capitalization of $14,230 million on April 16^th. CAG trades with a forward P/E of 10.9 and has ranged over a 52-week period from $25.16 to $38.75 with a 50-day moving average of $28.69. Twelve-month trailing operating and profit margins were 17.7 percent and 7.9 percent respectively. The Company generated a twelve-month trailing return of 5.3 percent on assets and 10.5 percent on equity.

Faced with deliberate theft and inadvertent errors in scanning, Target Corp has introduced TruScan Technology that integrates overhead cameras with check-out scanners.  If an item is not scanned, the customer receives an audio and visual cue, and a store employee is alerted.  The technology has been tested in a number of stores with success.  At the present time, self check-out is limited to ten items and the Company is adding more conventional check-out lanes manned by clerks.

Other supermarket chains, including Harris-Teeter a Kroger banner, are installing cameras above self-checkout stations. The extent of their integration with the scanners is not known.

The USPOULTRY Foundation has approved research grants that will benefit the egg production sector of the U.S. poultry industry.  Funding was approved by the Board of Directors based on recommendations by the Foundation Research Advisory Committee. Grants for projects included:

• Role of phytase dosage and reduced dietary mineral levels in pullet performance.  Mississippi State University
• Poultry house mass depopulation calculator. North Carolina State University

• Advancing infectious coryza diagnosis and control.  Iowa State University

Since inception of the Comprehensive Research Program USPOULTRY has invested more than $36 million in research grants to fifty universities and federal and state institutions

Following the lead of U.K. Environmental and Animal Rights Organizations, Friends of the Earth have initiated a campaign opposing intensive livestock production.  The organization is focusing on major banks including JPMorgan, Chase, Citi Group and Bank of America as providing finance for livestock production.

Although disguised as a pro-environmental issue to reduce global emissions, the initiative finds common cause with traditional opponents of production of animal meat including groups advocating a vegan lifestyle.

For the five weeks ended April 7^th, Costco Wholesale Corporation (COST) posted net sales of $23,480 million for the retail month of March compared to $21,460 million for the corresponding five-week period in 2023.  Comparable sales, excluding foreign exchange and gasoline, the total company increased same-store sales by 7.5 percent with the U.S. at 7.4 percent, Canada at 7.3 percent and Other International at 8.4 percent.  E-commerce increased by 28.0 percent.  The retail month of March was impacted by the timing of Easter and accounted for approximately 0.5 percent in comparable sales.

Costco operates 876 warehouses worldwide including 604 in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, 108 in Canada, 40 in Mexico, 33 in Japan, 29 in the U.K. and 62 in Asia, Europe and Australia.

Previously the Iowa Senate passed File 2391 establishing labeling restrictions for non-animal derived substitute meat products.  Subsequently the House passed the Bill adding an amendment prohibiting purchase of egg substitutes under food assistance programs. Opposition to the amendment in the House was based on depriving recipients of food assistance (SNAP and WIC) from choice in purchasing “fabricated egg products”.

Synthetic plant-based alternatives to real eggs are more expensive and less nutritious than the product they intend to displace. The intent of legislators in the state with the most hens is obviously well founded.  The problem arises with individuals who are allergic to eggs and use egg substitutes. As a solution the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services will seek waivers for those with confirmed allergies to purchase alternatives to real eggs.

The recent collision of mv Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge highlights the size of container vessels and their potential for damage. The accident caused loss of six lives, and as yet uncalculated costs for replacement and the considerable inconvenience including closing of the Baltimore Harbor. Following an inquiry appropriate preventive measures will be issued including the mandatory accompaniment of large vessels by tugs to avert collisions in the event of loss of propulsion The Dali constructed in 2015 as a Super Panamax container carrier has a beam of 158 ft and a length of 984 ft and can carry 10,000 20-ft equivalent container units (TEUs).  At the time of the accident, Dali was loaded at over 90 percent capacity.  Super Panamax carriers have transited the Panama Canal since 2016 and can be accommodated in ports with a channel of suitable depth and appropriate offloading installations. The largest vessels now afloat can carry up to 24,000 TEUs and are over 1,300 ft in length.

In 1980, the Summit Venture collided with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge near Tampa resulting in 35 fatalities and requiring reconstruction of the bridge with appropriate protective installations.  A near collision was avoided this past week when mv Qingdao 1,100 feet in length and 98,000tons, lost propulsion in the Kill van Kull waterway.  Three attending tugs together with three other vessels secured the carrier to avoid any possible contact with the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. In March 2021, mv Ever Given a 20,000 TEU vessel, 1,300 feet in length blocked the Suez Canal for six days before being refloated. The incident restricted passage through the canal for over 400 vessels resulting in costs exceeding $1 billion.

Following a recall of products in December 2023, the Quaker Oats Company a subsidiary of PepsiCo will permanently close the 55-year-old plant and transfer production to other facilities.  The recall was due to contamination of granola bars and cereals with Salmonella.  A review of the plant indicated the need for extensive refurbishment and installation of new equipment that would have required a prolonged down time.

Brand image and reputation were considerations in the decision to close the plant given the potential for a reoccurrence of infection despite decontamination and upgrading.

Subscribers are referred to an extensive recall of infant formula from 83 nations in 2017. The product was contaminated with S. Agona resulting in multiple cases and fatalities. The plant involved was located in Craon, France, and was operated by Lactalis, a multinational dairy producer. The plant was out of operation for over a year during cleaning and upgrading of food safety equipment and installations.

Participation in school feeding programs has declined following the end of federal COVID- period support. A recent report demonstrated that during the 2022-23 school year 28.1 million students participated in school lunch programs.  This was six percent less than the number of students participating during the previous academic year.  Breakfast participation declined by 7.7 percent with a total of 14.3 million students served.

States that supported school feeding after expiration of federal support noted an increase in both breakfast and lunch servings.  An increase in student participation was directly attributed to the Community Eligibility Provision comprising a federal program that allows students to be fed irrespective of income status to avoid “food shaming”.

Investment in school feeding improves attendance and contributes to scholastic progress.  Accordingly, many states are expanding access to free school meals. Currently there is a patchwork of reduced-price meals for selected students with an emphasis on elementary grades.

The report called for uniform federal legislation to allow all schools to feed all students free of charge.

After prolonged and detailed review, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published legally enforceable drinking water standards for per-and-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) compounds colloquially referred to as “forever chemicals”.  It is estimated that between 6 and 10 percent of 65,000 public drinking water systems will be required to reduce levels of contamination that exceed the published standards.

The EPA designated six PFAS compounds as “genX chemicals” with maximum contaminant levels established for individual compounds and their combinations.

Water supply systems will have three years to complete initial monitoring and will then be required to disclose levels of PFAS compounds to consumers.  Removal of compounds will be mandated over a five-year period.  Current technology capable of removing PFAS compounds from drinking water include filtration through granular activated carbon, reverse osmosis and ion exchange. 

In addition to providing technical assistance to water supply systems, $1 billion will be made available to implement testing and treatment with funding derived from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

The weekly Economic, Energy and Commodity Report in EGG-NEWS details weekly and monthly data released by federal agencies relating to the U.S. economy.  Despite the reduction in inflation and the evident deflation in food prices, consumer perceptions erroneously consider what they purchase at the supermarket as a major factor in increasing the cost of living.  During the past month, energy costs that have previously contributed to deflation have reversed course with obvious increases at the gas pump.

Consumers blame “government policies” for high prices of groceries. Conflict in Eastern Europe and the Middle East are contributing to disruption of supply chains and escalation in prices of food items.  Consumers have the perception that retail chains are responsible for higher food prices.  A survey showed that a sample of shoppers estimated net profits of chains to be in the region of thirty percent whereas, in fact, they range from one to five percent.  The accusation of price gouging has become a political issue with unsubstantiated rhetoric by senior officials supported by injudicious statements by the Federal Trade Commission.

Discontent among consumers will be a major issue in the November General Election.  The concurrent concern over the proposed Kroger-Albertsons merger is now playing out against the backdrop of politics. The transaction has now devolved into litigation with individual states and the Federal government opposed to the merger.

Industry associations representing sectors of the poultry industry should be more aggressive in presenting economic realities to dispel false notions of manipulation of prices and unethical business practices. At the end of the day, consumers do not regard farmers as being responsible for price escalation.  This is one comforting consideration in a complex issue with a lot of blame to be assigned.

Ralph Rindler of Prairie Star Farms was honored as the 2023 Egg Person of the Year at the annual Urner Barry Executive Conference in Las Vegas on Monday April 15^th.

In presenting the award Randy Pesciotta Egg Reporter for Urner Barry noted “The desire and passion for growth expressed by Ralph has always utilized strong family relationships helping others to become successful along the way,” Randy added “Prairie Star Farms will always have that family feel producing quality eggs with a strong commitment to trusting relationships with everyone they do business with, thanks to the roots that Ralph has established.”

EGG-NEWS extends congratulations to Ralph and Janet on receiving this prestigious award recognizing a career of accomplishment.

In an eight-week longitudinal study conducted in Singapore, no beneficial effect could be attributed to substitution of an omnivorous animal-based meat diet with plant-based meat analogues.  The study was conducted over eight weeks, and involved 82 participants with an elevated risk of diabetes. 

The trial demonstrated a significant interaction (time x treatment) for dietary trans-fat that was increased with the animal-based diet.  In contrast, fiber, sodium and potassium all increased with the plant-based meat analog diet.  Glycemic homeostasis was better regulated in the subjects consuming the animal-based meat diet.  Substitution of plant-based meat analogues in the diet had no effect on lipoprotein profile including low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol.

Health claims made by proponents of plant-based meat analogs will require careful review by health professionals, the FDA and health conscious consumers.  This is especially important with respect to labels and advertising claims.

In contrast to the COVID years and shortly thereafter, freight rates have declined for both negotiated and spot markets.  Retailers and distributors are holding inventories at low levels and are aggressive in negotiating prices.

As with any commodity rates are determined by supply and demand. Trucking capacity now exceeds demand resulting in extreme competition and lower prices.  The downward trend will continue until balance is restored according to an analyst at J.P. Morgan.

Since mid-2020, 325,000 carrier units have entered the industry with 231,000 departures.  Many trucking companies are burning through accumulated profits earned during the COVID years.  The questions are whether rates have now bottomed after the prolonged slump and if there are prospects for increases as retailers restock distribution centers.

Regulatory authorities on both sides of the Atlantic are evaluating claims of environmental concern by livestock producers.  Reports were posted on EGG-NEWS regarding a stay on reporting greenhouse gas emissions by public companies but unrealistic and unsubstantiated claims are receiving attention.  In addition to regulatory action, environmental activist organizations are petitioning federal agencies and initiating lawsuits challenging environmental claims such as those advertised by JBS SA. 

During March 2024, major hog producer Danish Crown admitted to a violation of that nation’s Marketing Act.  Their campaign claimed, “Danish pork is more climate-friendly than you think.”  When introduced in 2021 the claim was opposed by activists and vegan associations in Denmark and resulted in a cancellation of the campaign.

In a statement following their admission of responsibility, Danish Crown stated, “We now want to look ahead and instead use our efforts on the transition to less climate-damaging production.”  The statement added, “We will communicate our climate measures within the framework of the Western High Court decision as well as this affirmative response to the plaintiffs’ claims.”

Since late March, 28 cases of bovine influenza-H5N1 (and counting!) have been diagnosed in eight states.  To date this has not impacted either total milk supply or prices of fluid milk, based on the negligible reduction in supply. 

Without a preliminary epidemiologic study, operators of dairy herds have initiated procedures to limit introduction of infection.  Initial observations suggest that H5N1 influenza virus is introduced into the vicinity of herds by domestic wild birds susceptible to the virus including grackles and pigeons as reported for the index farm in Texas.

In the absence of structural and operational biosecurity as used in the poultry industry, dairy herds appear vulnerable.  Workers are evidently tracking virus into the vicinity of farms and congregation of animals in close proximity during milking appears to favor animal-to-animal infection.  Milking machines may be implicated in direct transmission of virus among cows even to the level of a mammary quarter.  The emergence of a single case of human influenza H5N1 in a dairy-herd worker highlights the need for personnel protective equipment.

Initial evidence suggests that movement of live animals among states is responsible for wide geographic spread of bovine influenza-H5N1.  Accordingly, as many as 17 unaffected states with dairy production have imposed restrictions on movement of live animals from affected areas.  Ultimately demonstration of freedom from infection by PCR surveillance will be necessary to allow interstate movement.

At this time, risk to human populations appears exceptionally low given the fact that only one mild human case has been diagnosed, against the reality of thousands of person-day contacts on affected farms.  Milk from infected cows has apparently not entered commercial supply.  Pasteurization effectively destroys influenza virus.

Studies are in progress to characterize the H5N1 strain responsible for bovine influenza-H5N1.  Mutations have occurred in avian strains of the virus allowing infection of carnivorous animals coming into contact with dead birds.  A disquieting series of infections among marine mammals in the U.S. northeast and along the Pacific coast of South America and an outbreak in farmed mink in Spain confirm that mammal-to-mammal infection occurs. 

National and international human and veterinary health agencies are monitoring the presence of infection in livestock and assessing the risk for human infection.  The World Health Organization is relying on regional influenza reference laboratories to detect the emergence of human infection and the Agency has established contingency plans for a possible pandemic occurrence.

The World Organization of Animal Health is recommending the adoption of preemptive immunization as an adjunct to biosecurity to suppress outbreaks. It is self-evident that concentration of large numbers of commercial poultry in endemic areas represents the potential for mutations and recombinant events, ultimately representing a danger for human populations. This would in large measure be reduced if large egg-production complexes in high-risk areas were to be vaccinated. 

It appears that Consumer Reports has fired up its atomic absorption spectrophotometer. They recently published on “detectable” levels of lead in a turkey and cheddar cracker product manufactured by Kraft-Heinz and supplied to the USDA for the National School Lunch Program.  In addition, sodium content at 930 mg per serving was higher than the store-available equivalent product at 740 mg.

It is noted that the levels of lead and cadmium were lower than FDA limits and in all probability represented natural background content.  Naturally Consumer Reports is generating pressure for USDA to recall product from the School Feeding Program having launched a petition drive that has generated 16,000 signatures.  Brian Ronholm, Director of Food Policy at Consumer Reports stated, “Lunchables are not a healthy option for kids and should not be allowed on the menu as part of the National School Lunch Program.

The USDA is considering a reduction in sodium limits for school meals with a 1,110 mg weekly intake for elementary students and up to 1,280 mg for high school students but with an additional 30 percent reduction over the proximal five years.

Kraft-Heinz maintains that the quality of Lunchables® products meet USDA requirements and that the company increased the level of meat to provide more protein, possibly responsible for the differential in sodium content between store and school-served products.

In recent weeks both dollar store chains and Target Corporation have placed restrictions on self-checkout following evident theft and inadvertent errors in scanning.  Now state and local legislators have recognized the negative effect on employment by displacing checkout clerks. California Senate Bill 1446 has been reintroduced to require grocery and pharmacy retailers to employ at least one dedicated clerk per two self-checkout stations. This would negate the cost saving that was in fact the objective of the technological innovation.

Maine is also considering a levy on self-checkout in the form of an obligatory discount since in the words of the proponent of the legislation, the stores are making “customers do the work performed by employees”.  It is understood that City of Evanston, IL is considering a special tax of $5,000 on every self-checkout station in a store.

From personal experience, self-checkout is convenient to purchase up to four items but only if all packages are barcoded.  Problems occur with food and produce and self-serve floral arrangements.  A second problem relates to a wide variation in operation of self-service kiosks.  On-screen and audible instructions are often confusing although once familiar with a specific system, bar-coded items can be scanned with the advantage of skipping a congested checkout lane.  Aldi should be complemented on their self-scan checkout which is simple to operate and reliable even for non-techie octogenarians.

A recent report in the CDC house journal MMWR* documented 1,072 cases of salmonellosis associated with backyard poultry resulting in 247 hospitalizations.  Serotypes included S. Braenderup, Enteritidis, Indiana, Infantis, and Typhimurium with multiple states involved.  The report also included documentation of S. Thompson in a breastfed neonate who contracted infection within days of returning to a home with his mother after delivery.  It is presumed that infection was acquired from environmental contamination or from a shedder of the pathogen within the household.  Based on whole genome sequencing, identical isolates were recovered from the infant, the chickens and their environment.

The report cautioned personal biosecurity following contact with backyard chickens.  Taking into account the incidence rate of chicken acquired salmonellosis and the 24 percent hospitalization rate, it is questioned whether the benefits of maintaining backyard poultry are commensurate with the risk if not inevitability of infection and its consequences.

* Ladd-Wilson SG, et al. Neonatal Salmonellosis Associated with Backyard Poultry. MMWR 73:321-322. (2024)

Dr. Diego Diel, Director of the Virology Laboratory at the Animal Health Diagnostic Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, will undertake molecular and epidemiologic studies on emerging Bovine Influenza-H5N1. He noted, “We will study how HPAI spilled over into dairy cows to understand why these outbreaks happened.”  He added, “There are a number of very important questions about its source and the risk of transmission to other animals and humans that need to be addressed.  It is noted that diagnosticians at the Cornell Diagnostic Center identified H5N1 influenza virus in specimens submitted from an affected herd in Texas.  The Center was prompted to examine for avian influenza virus following reports that dead grackles and sick cats accompanied the outbreak of the then undiagnosed condition in dairy cows characterized by an acute decline in milk yield, anorexia and mild respiratory signs.

Dr. Louise Moncia of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine noted that sequencing of the genome of the diary cow isolates confirmed sequences corresponding to isolates from wild birds in the vicinity of the index farm.  The gene sequences of the isolates from a Minnesota goat herd diagnosed in late March were similar to an isolate from pheasants in Colorado.

Based on the single case of human infection resulting in conjunctivitis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are actively investigating characteristics of the virus with specific interest in possible changes in genes among avian and ruminant H5N1viruses with respect to the human isolate.  According to a CDC release, a change in PB2 E67K was present and associated with adaptation of the avian precursor to mammalian hosts.  Even though changes have occurred in this genetic marker, there is no evidence of the potential to infect humans and with a high probability that human-to-human transmission will not occur. 

Epidemiologists have noted that the single patient who worked on the affected dairy farm showed only mild conjunctivitis.  This could mean that in the future infections might not be recognized and will not be diagnosed providing an opportunity for the virus to adapt to humans.  The University of Minnesota is urging dairy farmers to apply common sense precautions to prevent exposure including the use of protective personal equipment for workers in contact with milking cows, raw milk and calves.  The University Moos Room Podcast urged farmers to report illness among themselves and their workers, especially those not conversant in English to detect any possible cases of transmission from herds.

On a more optimistic note, scientists at the CDC noted correspondence between the hemagglutinin gene from the virus isolated from the patient with two candidate vaccine viruses that could be used to produce a specific vaccine.  The neuraminidase gene of the isolate from the human case was devoid of resistance markers that will allow antiviral drugs including oseltamivir to be administered as an effective therapeutic agent.

Northland Boom Custom Spray has designed the E-Drive aerosol vaccinator to administer vaccines by the spray route in both cage and aviary systems. The new model is self-propelled reducing the time required to immunize flocks and was developed in collaboration with egg producers.

Based on practical experience and application, the E-Drive Vaccinator incorporates a shield to deflect birds from the front of the unit as it transits between modules.

The E-Drive Vaccinator incorporates a single boom that can be customized according to the number of tiers and their height. The unit incorporates two batteries.  One powers the drive motor and the other energizes the compressor and other functions. 

The unit is capable of distributing droplet sizes from 20-200 microns depending on the selection of nozzles.  Fine to coarse adjustment of the unit is possible during operation.  The delivery rate ranges from 4 to 28 gallons per hour depending on nozzle delivery

Each unit is customized for intended operation and is covered by a warranty.

A demonstration model will be on display at the Northland Boom Booth # 735 at the PEAK Exhibition

The USDA has assigned more than $174 million to 42 projects nationwide to increase production of fertilizer.  Projects include installations to dry and decontaminate animal waste that can be used as a fertilizer.  Grants included improvements in infrastructure and business development in rural areas including tribal and low-income areas.

The Fertilizer Production Expansion Program could subsidize manure-drying installations for egg production units. Some complexes of over 500,000 hen capacity have installed rotary dryers to convert waste from either high-rise houses or belt collection systems to a valuable organic fertilizer for agricultural, commercial and domestic uses.  Subscribers are directed to Uzelac Industries for technical information and financial projections. The Uzelac website can be accessed by clicking onto the company logo on the right side of the Welcome page.

Hamlet Protein was a corporate sponsor of the Midwest Section Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS).  The event held from March 10^th through 13^th included a presentation by Dr. Megan Bible on protein kinetics.

Grady Fain, Regional Director for North and Central America for Hamlet Protein noted, “we are proud to be sponsoring the annual meeting of ASAS.  The event offers a wonderful opportunity to engage with opinion leaders, industry friends and customers and keep abreast of the most recent scientific developments in our market”.

Dr. Megan Bible, a presenter observed “Knowing the protein kinetics of an ingredient allows nutritionist to formulate diets with a higher protein biological value optimizing performance and therefore lower feed cost”.

Hamlet Protein manufactures a soybean-based protein ingredient for poults, chicks, and piglets with plants in Denmark and the U.S. distributed worldwide.

The 118^th Congress has only passed 50 bills compared to an average of approximately 400 in a regular 2-year session.  This is due to polarization with extreme positions on both the left and right inhibiting compromise that is necessary for bipartisan progress.  Among delayed legislation is the 2013 Farm Bill that characterizes Congressional impotence.  In the Senate Agriculture Committee, Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) is advocating for liberal SNAP and WIC benefits and extension of funding for conservation using funds from the Inflation Reduction Act.  In contrast, Minority Ranking member, John Boozman (R-AR) is intent on increases in reference prices to support producers impacted by declining export prices and volumes. 

It is apparent that both the Senate and House are looking to the other chamber to pass a Farm Bill that may become a reality through subsequent compromise during reconciliation.  The House Agricultural Committee Chairman, Glen Thompson (R-PA), is committed to presenting a Farm Bill during the spring of this year.  As with the Senate, there is conflict regarding SNAP benefits and the overall cost of the Legislation.  Bringing a bill to the floor is also influenced by the narrow margin of the majority party with dissent evident despite a majority of only five votes.

The closer to the election, the more difficult it will be to enact legislation.  The 118^th Congress has taken too many breaks and indulged in unproductive hearings and activities to the detriment of their responsibilities and the ultimate well-being of U.S. citizens.